METHODS OF STUDYING THE MILITARY SERVANT AND THE MILITARY TEAM

Introduction. Temperament and characters in military personnel. Communicating with people and watching them, you can witness that some of them are calm, others are active, others are quiet and sad, and others are cheerful. Differences between people are explained by differences in their temperaments. (The concept of temperament is derived from the Latin word "temperamentum", which means "mixture" or "proportion of parts". Temperament represents the dynamics of psyche and behavior. Temperament is a set of individual-psychological characteristics that are manifested in the general mobility of each person in the speed and strength of the emergence of emotions. It is an innate quality of a person. Discussion results. The famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov explains the reasons for the variety of temperaments in his teaching on the types of higher nervous activity. According to him, the basis of temperament is the activity of the shell of the cerebral hemispheres. The processes of excitation and inhibition in the cortex of the brain are manifested with different strength in different people, and these processes also have the characteristics of mobility and stability. The strength of nervous impulses is determined by the following qualities: activity, attentiveness, endurance, emotional stability, and the ability to work even in adverse conditions. Stability is expressed in the uniform manifestation of behavior. Instability is characterized by qualities such as lack of self-control. Ability to quickly change skills and habits, as well as easily adapt to new conditions, are signs of mobility. When nervous processes are weak, a person experiences rapid fatigue, emotional instability, and lack of self-control in difficult situations. These features of the nervous process combine to form the types of the nervous system. These types, in turn, form the physiological basis of 4 temperaments. A choleric type of temperament corresponds to a strong, excitable, angry, enthusiastic, full of clear gestures and facial expressions, unstable type; Strong, mobile, instability of feelings - to sanguine temperament; Less active, inert type - phlegmatic temperament, it is not easy to get a phlegmatic person out of the usual calm state. He is not in a hurry to move and speak, his facial expressions are also expressive, his movements are slow; A weak type corresponds to a melancholic temperament, which is characterized by a relatively low variety of emotions and their slow emergence. Emotions are almost invisible from the outside. Not much bothers a melancholic person, but when feelings do arise, they are usually deep, lasting, and intense. A melancholic person often has a sad mood. Although temperament is considered a stable characteristic of a person, it can change in the course of a person's life and work. Forming a stable character, being able to control one's temperament are the main forms of temperament development. It is necessary to take into account the temperament of military personnel in educational and educational work. Knowing the temperaments of the soldiers under their command will help the commanders to understand the behavior and actions of the soldiers, as well as to correctly determine the means of educational influence. Timely educational influence and proper organization of soldiers' activities will help to manifest this or that temperament in a positive way. For example, it is possible to increase the response reaction in phlegmatics, in cholerics it is possible to lose instability, and in melancholics it is possible to create a feeling of self-confidence. These are formed by the emergence of skills, habits, and skills in relation to self-management. Studies have shown that sanguine and choleric temperament types adapt to military life faster, and phlegmatic and melancholic types, on the contrary, adapt with difficulty. We turn to examples. A soldier with a choleric temperament is characterized by instability, lack of self-control, speed of reactions, lively facial expressions and mobility. Choleric, according to I.P. Pavlov, is clearly a fighting type, he is easily and quickly agitated. Adapts to new life conditions without difficulty, communicates easily with people around. He is not afraid of the obstacles that appear in new conditions, he shows that he is an enthusiastic activity owner and inventiveness, and also quickly becomes a team leader. Such a person can actively start work and cool down at the end of it. He is bored by slow, monotonous movements. He is passionate and prone to sudden actions. Experiments show that a person with a choleric temperament is more excited than necessary before completing a task. This can have a negative impact on shooting training and combat duty. Sanguine temperament is characteristic of restrained people. His actions are slower than choleric, but this type quickly adapts to new conditions. The sanguine soldier quickly joins the team with his optimism and practicality. He quickly gets to know his colleagues and establishes friendly relations. A person with a phlegmatic temperament is restrained, less active and calm. He is characterized by weak emotional arousal. He thinks about future actions for a long time, has difficulty making decisions, adapts to new conditions of life with difficulty and slowly. But he shows determination and endurance at work. Phlegmatic is not inclined to friendship, that is, prefers solitude more. A person with a melancholic temperament is characterized by not joining others and not taking initiative. The process of getting used to it is difficult. He is satisfied with making a couple of friends, and responds to the abuses committed against him by absorbing them. They harbor resentments for a long time and live with lingering feelings. Personality traits such as self-esteem, self-love, self-understanding, desire for independence, and community are greatly influenced by temperament. The stronger the character of a person, the more clearly his attitude towards the community or individual people is manifested. Is it possible to change the temperament? The probability of changing the temperament is very small compared to the formation of moral and other qualities. This situation is explained by the dependence of temperament on the types of the nervous system. The types of the nervous system do not change. The problems of character and its education in military personnel are also among the current issues. Character has a special place among characteristics such as the orientation, temperament, and abilities of a person. This is explained by the fact that stable features of human psychology are synthesized in character. Character as a personality trait is a set of stable mental aspects that affect all aspects of a person's behavior and express his individuality. Moral aspects are distinguished in the structure of character: public, correctness, truthfulness, quick access to communication, emotional aspects, trust, dedication, admiration, vitality, volitional aspects, simplicity, determination, independence, discipline, mental qualities, quickness understanding, resourcefulness, etc. Human character has many aspects, which can be classified (classified) in a certain order. The first group includes aspects of character, attitude to society, civil and military duty: sense of responsibility, love for one's country, hatred of enemies; to the second group, the attitude towards work, diligence, conscientiousness, ambition, laziness, or, on the contrary, laziness; to the third group, a person's attitude to other people, quick communication, vigilance, humaneness or rudeness; the fourth group includes such things as a person's self-relation, self-criticism, humility or, on the contrary, pride and slander. Characters are divided into such types as strong and weak, public and selfish, purposeful and conflicted, silent and kindhearted. The character of each person includes individual and general aspects. By generality, we understand the qualities characteristic of a group of individuals, society. The common features of the character of the citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan are as follows: love for the motherland, hard work, sense of community, etc. The general qualities characteristic of an individual character depend on a person's life path, the social and natural environment that surrounds him, the type of nervous system characteristic of him, and other factors. There is a relationship between temperament and character, as well as phenomena and symptoms of interaction. The manifestation and development of certain aspects of character depend on temperament. For example, a choleric person develops self-confidence quickly, while a phlegmatic person may experience stagnation or hesitancy. Separate stable features of temperament are part of character according to their essence. In addition, temperament can change under the influence of character. How to learn character? Does appearance always reflect character? Absolutely! Very calm, gentle, a person can have a strong, socially oriented character, and a weak, selfish character can be hidden under beautiful words. A person's look, step, mannerisms, gestures, tone of speech, facial expression can only be an auxiliary "source" for studying character. Human character is first of all expressed in his actions. It is possible to talk about a person's character by observing his behavior and analyzing his activities. Participating in combat shootings and shootings during field training is a leading type of activity for military personnel. For the commander, the main activities are training and leading people. Also, a person's life path, biography, and his relationships in social ethics can give a lot about his character. Certain character flaws (laziness, indiscipline, partiality, etc.) destroy the work of educating soldiers in the spirit of national independence ideas. Negative elements of character can appear in some soldiers both before military service and during military service. This is due to failures in studies and service. Eliminating this or that defect in a soldier's character is an important task of educational work. It should be remembered that human character is not just a mechanical sum of individual aspects. The strength of character is manifested in the consistent and determined struggle to achieve the goal. A soldier with a strong character can keep himself in a psychologically stable state for a long time. In such a soldier, words and deeds are always one. How to train character in soldiers? A person's character is formed throughout his life. The character of a military serviceman is trained under the influence of the total activities carried out in the course of military service. Character is a stable and unstable structure at the same time. The stability of the character makes it possible to classify it, that is, to divide it into one or another group. Ancient Greek scientists also understood the need to divide character into types. A person's conscious attitude to the surrounding reality is manifested not only in his worldview, beliefs and thoughts, but also in his character. The concept of "character" was introduced into scientific use for the first time by the Greek scientist Theophrastus, who lived in the 4th century BC. He divides character into 31 types in his work "Moral Characters". Theophrastus understood character as a reflection of the moral life of society in an individual. Starting with Aristotle, there was a tradition of understanding character in connection with willful qualities of a person. As a result, the character is divided into strong and weak types depending on the manifestation of will characteristics. According to another basis, characters are divided into intellectual, emotional, willful, good, great, etc. types. The classification of characters is related to the behavior of a military serviceman in war; it is also necessary to solve problems. Currently, this problem has been solved to a certain extent. The main aspect of a person's character is his attitude to reality and the world. Another important aspect of his character is his attitude towards other people. Many relationships of a person towards other people, group, community and society arise from the unique qualities of his character. Such qualities include, for example, community, sensitivity, humanity, truthfulness, and their corresponding opposites, selfishness and rudeness. The attitude of a military serviceman to his combat work includes at least three things: evaluation of his work as a certain social value, to his profession and specialty, which is a certain type of labor activity. attitude, treating one's work as a specific type of work in the same production conditions. These three relations are mutually distinct and, therefore, interrelated to each other as general, specific and individual phenomena. They can complement each other in various situations. Attitude to work can include satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the activity in general, and in particular with the profession and work, but it does not end there. It is determined by a person's social status and place in the labor process. It should be noted that a military serviceman's attitude to work is an important part of his character, and it is reflected in a person's thoughts and feelings, and is transferred to his actions. A person's self-relation has a strict connection with the relationship to other people, the community, which is an important character trait. Here we read the following in "Letters to a Child" by the famous English politician Chesterfield, whom we referred to in our previous topics: "People are all composed of the same elements without exception, but the proportion of these same elements is not the same in different people. -there are no two people who are exactly alike. Besides, people change over the years. Any talented person can turn something into a bad one, a proud person can become unexpectedly humble, an honest person "The unscrupulous can get in the way, and when the disease comes, it can become noble. That's why it's good to observe a person for a long time, don't rush to draw the last line in his image." All these aspects of the character (toward the world, to work, to other people, and to oneself) to one degree or another intersect, combine and influence intellectual, emotional, and volitional qualities, within volitional qualities, for example, striving for a goal, "Warmness is as important to character as bravery." At the same time, naturally, willful qualities such as stubbornness, lack of will, and cowardice are also reflected in the character. The combination of the listed features and qualities, their level of development determines the character development indicator. The higher the level of development of the character, the stronger it will be. Until recently, strong and weak characters in people were determined only based on the will characteristics of the character. In a person with a strong character, his actions and views are completely compatible with each other. A conformist cannot be firm in his opinion, his behavior depends on the environment. Therefore, when solving problems related to the training of military personnel, it is necessary to assume that the character of a person is determined by his social life, that is, the social conditions in which he lives and works. Social life has direct and indirect effects. That is why a person's character combines the aspects that are unique to the society to which he belongs. Similarities and commonalities in the characters of people belonging to one society are explained by common social conditions. On the other hand, each person's unique life path, life and work conditions create individual character traits. It should be mentioned that the character of people can be evaluated differently in everyday life. Sometimes military personnel understand stubbornness as an expression of principle or determination and give it a positive assessment. Or they understand such qualities as sensitivity and compassion as signs of weak character. They believe that sensitivity is a characteristic of weakwilled people, therefore, a strong-willed person should be cold, rude and short-tempered. A sincere attitude towards superiors and adults can also be perceived as arrogance. Naturally, it is necessary for the commanders to prevent such prejudices and to form the correct views in military personnel. The presence of real imagination, beliefs and ideas in a person is considered a necessary condition for the formation of a strong character. However, this is not enough, the important thing is that a person should not only have the right ideas and beliefs, but also follow them in life. A young man enters the Armed Forces with a determined character to one degree or another. During the service period, he develops character traits characteristic of a military serviceman. The military order sets before him the task of building his behavior on the basis of strict rules and obligations defined in the regulations, orders and instructions of the chiefs. The requirements of the regulations, the performance of official duties, military duty, guard service and other obligations develop character qualities such as discipline, goal-seeking, responsibility, stability, and integrity in a military serviceman. Experience is formed based on the repetition of actions, the responsibility for which is reflected in the mind, if at first the actions are the result of realizing the need or the desire to avoid punishment, and later, due to repeated repetitions, they become a habit. A deep understanding of the need to act in full accordance with the requirements of the Military Oath and regulations is a condition for acting responsibly in any situation during peace and war. The formation of the character of a military serviceman is mainly influenced by the commander, colleagues, and the military team. In this case, the commander's work style, discipline in the unit, the organization of educational work, the mutual harmony of the requirements imposed on military personnel by the commander and superiors, and the lack of regular control over their service and training activities. It plays an important role, as well as the correct application of incentives and punishments. A young soldier who joins a military team immediately begins to take his new place in the system of social relations. He can no longer plan his activities and behavior independently, as in civilian life. Certain requirements are put forward for him that regulate his life, studies and service. At the same time, military activity requires him to be more conscious and active in relation to the surrounding events. Sometimes a military serviceman is forced to fundamentally revise his usual relationship to the world, to work, to other people and to himself. That's why in the first days of service, contradictions, hesitations and struggle of motives are visible in the soldier's behavior and mental state. On the basis of service activities, the foundations of a military serviceman's character are created, faith is strengthened, and behavior is built on the basis of much higher moral principles. In the development of character, physical education is given a lot of attention. A physically trained serviceman shows higher willpower compared to others under equal conditions, and his selfconfidence is high. Apart from these, self-education also has great potential in character education. It is necessary for the commanders to lead this process, to encourage military personnel to develop the qualities of character needed in the conditions of war. It is recommended to use self-reassurance, self-criticism, practice, self-motivation and even self-compulsion. Abilities, their development in military personnel. Every person is born with certain talents and abilities. If a person has signs of one type of ability, he can develop different talents, for example, a person with good eyesight can be a good artist, and in the military field - a good sniper. In addition, if a person has weakly developed symptoms of one type of ability, other abilities may develop very well in the process of activity. However, one thing should not be forgotten: even a person with the highest signs of talent cannot achieve high results in his work if he does not work hard in this field. Abilities are manifested in the quick acquisition of certain knowledge, skills and abilities and in the ability to correctly apply them in practice. Being able to apply knowledge, skills and abilities in new situations is a sign of high ability. High-level ability is called talent. A talented person achieves high results in one or more activities. The main signs of talent are: - early manifestation of abilities; - quick assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities specific to a specific activity, inclination and interest in them. Talent is manifested not only in the rapid development of a person's abilities, but also in the ability of a person to achieve high results even in difficult and new conditions. The talent of one or another person can reach an extraordinarily high level. This is called talent. A talented person is distinguished by his creative approach to his work and inquisitiveness. Such a person brings great innovations to science, technology, art, military work and other fields. The possessor of the highest abilities is called a genius. The work of geniuses has a historical significance for the life of society. A genius creates a new era in his field. For example, Amir Temur was such a genius in the field of statecraft and military, Mirzo Ulugbek in astronomy, Alisher Navoi in literature, and Albert Einstein in physics. It is known that young men come to military service with certain abilities. The main task of an officer is to develop these abilities and properly organize their use in military activities. The most important thing is not to make mistakes in this work. Some people may have developed psychological cognitive processes: attention, memory, perception. They will have great opportunities in all types of activities to one degree or another. There are abilities that are based on personality traits: interests, inclinations, temperaments. There are also abilities that are manifested only in certain activities (ability to math or construction). It is possible to monitor the activities of soldiers and determine their specific abilities. It is also possible to distinguish their temperaments. It should be mentioned that it is not an easy task to correctly assess human abilities. For example, the commander of the training unit turns to his superior with a request to remove one cadet from the ranks of cadets. He concludes that this cadet does not have the ability to drive a tank. The unit commander cannot adequately justify his conclusion, after which the superior recommends further study of this cadet. The unit commander performs this task, gets to know the cadet better, and begins to study his personal qualities and combat capabilities. His efforts were not wasted. This cadet soon took part in night training in tank driving, and in the second stage of training he received the rank of first class mechanic driver. Summary Currently, the armies of many countries use tests to determine the abilities of military personnel. There is no doubt that this method will be useful in peacetime conditions. However, in unexpected situations, this method is not always effective for a period of full war. Because, in extreme conditions, the human psyche, including its abilities, can undergo certain changes. An officer's knowledge of abilities allows not only to assess the abilities of his subordinates, but also to develop them in the right direction. Formation of abilities of military personnel is carried out on the basis of a certain plan from the first day of their service. In this, the analysis of the mistakes made by the soldier during the training process plays a big role. It is important to remember that a number of blunders in action ultimately stem from one common cause of incompetence on the part of the serviceman. An incompetent soldier would perform worse under the same conditions. An individual approach to it is necessary, which ensures significant success only when a military serviceman is thoroughly studied.